Module 1
Triangulation: triangulation figures – classification of triangulation systems – selection of triangulation stations – intervisibility and heights of stations – station marks – signals and towers – base line – choice – instrument and accessories – measurement of base lines – corrections – satellite stations – need, reduction to centre – extension of base.
Triangulation: triangulation figures – classification of triangulation systems – selection of triangulation stations – intervisibility and heights of stations – station marks – signals and towers – base line – choice – instrument and accessories – measurement of base lines – corrections – satellite stations – need, reduction to centre – extension of base.
Module 2
Theory of errors and triangulation Adjustments: Kinds of error – laws of weights – principles of least squares – determination of most probable value of quantities – probable error – distribution of error to the field measurements – normal equation – Method of corrections – Adjustment of simple triangulation figures.
Theory of errors and triangulation Adjustments: Kinds of error – laws of weights – principles of least squares – determination of most probable value of quantities – probable error – distribution of error to the field measurements – normal equation – Method of corrections – Adjustment of simple triangulation figures.
Module 3
Hydrographic surveying – Equipment – Methods of locating soundings – reduction and plotting of soundings – use of sextants and station pointer. Geodesy – shape of earth – effects of curvature – spherical excess – convergence of meridians.
Hydrographic surveying – Equipment – Methods of locating soundings – reduction and plotting of soundings – use of sextants and station pointer. Geodesy – shape of earth – effects of curvature – spherical excess – convergence of meridians.
Module 4
Terrestrial photogrammetry – General principles – photo theodolite – horizontal position of a point from photogrammetric measurements – elevation of a point – determination of focal length of lens. Aerial photogrammentry – aerial camera – scale of vertical photograph – relief displacement on a vertical photograph – principle of parallax – stereoscopic pairs – flight planning – radial line method – flying height and overlaps – remote sensing – concepts of remote sensing – ideal remote sensing system.
Terrestrial photogrammetry – General principles – photo theodolite – horizontal position of a point from photogrammetric measurements – elevation of a point – determination of focal length of lens. Aerial photogrammentry – aerial camera – scale of vertical photograph – relief displacement on a vertical photograph – principle of parallax – stereoscopic pairs – flight planning – radial line method – flying height and overlaps – remote sensing – concepts of remote sensing – ideal remote sensing system.
Module 5
Field Astronomy: – Definitions – celestial sphere – co-ordinate systems – astronomical triangle – sidereal, apparent and mean solar time – corrections to astronomical observations – determination of azimuth, latitude and longitude – different methods.
Field Astronomy: – Definitions – celestial sphere – co-ordinate systems – astronomical triangle – sidereal, apparent and mean solar time – corrections to astronomical observations – determination of azimuth, latitude and longitude – different methods.
References
1. T. P. Kanetkar and Kulkarni, Surveying and leveling Vol. II, A.V.G. Publications, Pune.
2. B. C. Punmia, Surveying and leveling Vol. II, Laxmi Publications (P) LTD, New Delhi.
3. Thoms M.Lillerand, Remote sensing and image interpretation, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.
4. Dr. K.R. Arora, Surveying Vol. II, Standard Book House, New Delhi.
2. B. C. Punmia, Surveying and leveling Vol. II, Laxmi Publications (P) LTD, New Delhi.
3. Thoms M.Lillerand, Remote sensing and image interpretation, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.
4. Dr. K.R. Arora, Surveying Vol. II, Standard Book House, New Delhi.
mg university b.tech syllabus S4 Civil Engg