Module 1
Introduction: Hydrologic cycle-history of hydrology – application in engineering: water resources in the world – water resources in India. Weather and hydrology: Thermal circulation – effects of earth’s rotation – effect of’ land and water distribution – migratory systems – fronts – measurement of temperatures – Lapse rate of temperatures – geographic distribution of temperatures – time variations of temperatures – properties of water vapour- Measurement of humidity – geographic distributions of humidity – time variations in humidity-geographic variations of wind – time variations of wind – scanning and predicting weather.
Introduction: Hydrologic cycle-history of hydrology – application in engineering: water resources in the world – water resources in India. Weather and hydrology: Thermal circulation – effects of earth’s rotation – effect of’ land and water distribution – migratory systems – fronts – measurement of temperatures – Lapse rate of temperatures – geographic distribution of temperatures – time variations of temperatures – properties of water vapour- Measurement of humidity – geographic distributions of humidity – time variations in humidity-geographic variations of wind – time variations of wind – scanning and predicting weather.
Module 2
Precipitation: types of precipitation – measurement of precipitation recording gauges – automatic gauges radars -estimation of missing data and adjustment of records – mean areal depth of precipitation -rain gauge network- design principles-depth area duration curves – Hectograph and mass curve of rainfall – analysis of rainfall data – moving average curves – design storms – probable maximum precipitation curves snowfall and measurement. Determination of snowmelt. Water Losses:.Evaporation-evaporation pans – evapometre, control of’ reservoir evaporation – soil evaporation – transpiration – estimation of evapo transpiration – infiltration – infiltration curves – determination of infiltration- irifiltration indices – water shed leakage – water balance.
Precipitation: types of precipitation – measurement of precipitation recording gauges – automatic gauges radars -estimation of missing data and adjustment of records – mean areal depth of precipitation -rain gauge network- design principles-depth area duration curves – Hectograph and mass curve of rainfall – analysis of rainfall data – moving average curves – design storms – probable maximum precipitation curves snowfall and measurement. Determination of snowmelt. Water Losses:.Evaporation-evaporation pans – evapometre, control of’ reservoir evaporation – soil evaporation – transpiration – estimation of evapo transpiration – infiltration – infiltration curves – determination of infiltration- irifiltration indices – water shed leakage – water balance.
Module 3
Runoff: Catchment characteristics – classification of streams – factors affecting-run off, run off estimation by empirical formulae, curves infiltration method, rational method, overland flow hydrograph and unit hydrograph, method. Hydrographs: Separation of stream, flow components – hydrograph separation – unit hydrograph – assumption – derivations of unit hydrograph – unit hydrograph of complex storms – instantaneous unit hydrograph – synthetic unit hydrograph. .
Module 4
Floods: Definition of standard project flood – maximum probable flood – probable maximum precipitation and design flood – estimation of peak flood-flood control. Measures – flood forecasting techniques- flood routing – analytical and graphical methods of flood routing. Sedimentation: The erosion process – factors controlling erosion – suspended load, bed load – estimation of sediment load (basic principles and statement of important.equations only) measurement of sediment load – reservoir sedimentation – control of reservoir sedimentation.
Runoff: Catchment characteristics – classification of streams – factors affecting-run off, run off estimation by empirical formulae, curves infiltration method, rational method, overland flow hydrograph and unit hydrograph, method. Hydrographs: Separation of stream, flow components – hydrograph separation – unit hydrograph – assumption – derivations of unit hydrograph – unit hydrograph of complex storms – instantaneous unit hydrograph – synthetic unit hydrograph. .
Module 4
Floods: Definition of standard project flood – maximum probable flood – probable maximum precipitation and design flood – estimation of peak flood-flood control. Measures – flood forecasting techniques- flood routing – analytical and graphical methods of flood routing. Sedimentation: The erosion process – factors controlling erosion – suspended load, bed load – estimation of sediment load (basic principles and statement of important.equations only) measurement of sediment load – reservoir sedimentation – control of reservoir sedimentation.
Module 5
Probability analysis of hydrological data: mean, median, mode, mean-deviation, standard deviation, variances and skewness of data normal, gamma, poisons, log normal and pears and type III distributions – flood, frequency by fuller’s, Gumbel’s, Powel and Ven Te chow methods.
Mathematical models in hydrology: definition of stochastic models, deterministic models-conceptual models and empirical models- optimisation of models and efficiency of models – method of determining 1UH by the s-curve hydrograph, convolution integral and conceptual models – synthetic stream flow – flow at ungauged sites – by multiple regression – reservoir mass curve – flood forecasting.
Probability analysis of hydrological data: mean, median, mode, mean-deviation, standard deviation, variances and skewness of data normal, gamma, poisons, log normal and pears and type III distributions – flood, frequency by fuller’s, Gumbel’s, Powel and Ven Te chow methods.
Mathematical models in hydrology: definition of stochastic models, deterministic models-conceptual models and empirical models- optimisation of models and efficiency of models – method of determining 1UH by the s-curve hydrograph, convolution integral and conceptual models – synthetic stream flow – flow at ungauged sites – by multiple regression – reservoir mass curve – flood forecasting.
References
H. M.Reghunath, Hydrology, Wiley Easten Ltd., New Delhi.
Santhosh Kumar Garg, Hydrology and flood control engineering, Khanna Publishers
3. R.K. Linsley, M. A. Kholar, Hydrology for engineers, Tata Mc Graw Hill.
Santhosh Kumar Garg, Hydrology and flood control engineering, Khanna Publishers
3. R.K. Linsley, M. A. Kholar, Hydrology for engineers, Tata Mc Graw Hill.